Resources
Research & References
The specifications, papers, and references that inform this project. Understanding these is necessary for implementing correct vertical interface behavior.
Original Work
Vertically Works: Design Exploration on Vertical Typography
The original exploration that spawned this project. Covers the motivation, historical context, and early design explorations for vertical UI.
Vertically Verse iOS App
Source code for the companion iOS scripture reader. A SwiftUI implementation of vertical-first interaction patterns with Swift 6 strict concurrency.
CSS & Typography Specifications
CSS Writing Modes Level 4
The definitive specification for writing-mode, text-orientation, and direction properties. Essential for understanding how browsers implement vertical text.
CSS Text Level 4: Tate-chu-yoko
Specification for tate-chu-yoko (縦中横) — upright horizontal text within a vertical line — critical for verse numbers and date formatting.
Unicode Standard Annex #9: Bidirectional Algorithm
The algorithm that governs how text of mixed directionality renders. Understanding this is necessary for mixed CJK/Latin content in vertical contexts.
Unicode Standard Annex #50: Vertical Text Layout
Defines the orientation behavior (upright vs. rotated) for every Unicode character in a vertical layout. The canonical reference for glyph orientation decisions.
Design System References
Material Design: Bidirectionality
Google's treatment of RTL layout adaptation in Material Design. Useful as a contrast — it handles bidirectionality but not vertical writing systems.
Human Interface Guidelines: Localization
Apple's guidance on adapting interfaces for international audiences. Notable for what it does not cover: vertical text as a primary reading mode.